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Late summer and early autumn is the peak season for Lyme disease. It is a tick-borne disease caused by the Borrelia bacterium. Symptoms can manifest in the skin, nervous system and joints.

Expanding round, red ring

A lot of people familiar with this symptom. An expanding, round, red ring is a sign of Lyme disease manifesting on the skin. It is also known as erythema migrans. This is often the case especially if you’ve seen a tick in the middle of the ring a week earlier. Erythema migrans is treated with Penicillin VK for ten days.

Rash – not sure if the child has Lyme disease? Read our popular picture guide about spots and rashes in children here.

No rash? It may still be Lyme disease.

That’s the problem. Only half of Lyme disease infections show up as rashes. The others don’t. So if you have seen a tick bite but no subsequent rash, unfortunately the danger is not over. If your child is doing well a month after the tick bite, then you can breathe a sigh of relief and feel more confident that your child has not contracted Lyme disease. But let’s be honest, who’s child is actually doing perfectly well, every day for months? It’s natural to worry.

Blood tests rarely provide much help

We can investigate whether a child has formed antibodies to Lyme disease via a blood test. We analyze two types of antibodies, IgM and IgG. IgM antibodies appear early in an infection and disappear, for most infections, within a few weeks. However, in the case of Lyme disease, they can persist for one year. IgG antibodies, on the other hand, will be present for the rest of their lives. So if we find IgG antibodies, we don’t know if the infection has been cleared or if it is still present. Or if the child has cleared an infection and also has a current one. IgM antibodies may be present even if the child has other diseases, as well as Lyme disease. This method is not so accurate. In erythema migrans, antibodies are missing in half of the cases. It may take up to 6 weeks for a child with Lyme disease to start forming antibodies.

A tick spreading borrelia bacteria from its saliva to the victim's blood — The tick spreads the borrelia bacteria from its saliva to the blood.

You’re right in thinking that the antibodies in the blood don’t really help us very much.

There is no point seeking medical care for tick bites for a symptom-free child! As a rule, blood tests don’t help.

Neuroborreliosis – Lyme disease of the brain and nerves

Lyme disease can spread to the brain. And to make it even worse, it can do so without first appearing as a rash, and without antibodies showing in the blood. An infection of the brain manifests itself with a combination or fever, headache and vomiting.

Thus: fever+headache+vomiting after tick bite=pediatric emergency room

In the children’s emergency room, we perform a lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid. Antibodies to Lyme disease in the cerebrospinal fluid are a sure sign of Lyme disease, unlike those in the blood. In addition, we can see if there are white blood cells or blood proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid as signs of infection of the brain and meninges. In Stockholm, we also always take TBE antibody samples of the blood of affected children. I believe you should do this throughout Sweden, even if you do not think there are any TBE-infected ticks in the area.

Lyme disease in the brain and nervous system is treated with antibiotic drip (ceftriaxone) daily for ten days for children under eight years of age or antibiotic tablets (doxycycline) daily for ten days for children over the age of eight years.

Fatigue and headache after tick bites

Symptoms of Lyme disease in the brain is not always clear. If your child becomes significantly more tired and often complains of headaches after a tick bite, it could be Lyme disease. Sometimes the child gets dizzy or finds it difficult to concentrate. Sometimes they don’t want to eat so much. Tired children with headaches often find it quite difficult to cope with being nice and accommodating. If your child suddenly finds it really hard to cope with everyday life and fights much more than usual, ask if their head hurts, or if the child feels tired. Seek a medical center or a children’s emergency room during the day. Attend the children’s emergency room early one weekday morning for a) the least waiting times and b) because it takes a few hours to prepare and conduct a lumbar punture in children if necessary.

Unilateral facial paralysis in children = often Lyme disease

When a child has unilateral facial paralysis without other symptoms, it may be due to Lyme disease. The corner of the mouth hangs and the child sometimes has trouble closing their eye on the same side.

If your child has unilateral facial paralysis: seek the pediatric emergency room.

We will need to take a cerebrospinal fluid sample to see if it is due to Lyme disease in the nerves. If that is the case, we treat it with the same antibiotics, as we would with Lyme disease in the brain. In addition, if your child is unable to close their eye, an eye patch or shield is required for protection. This can be purchased without a prescription at the pharmacy.

Swollen knee

Lyme disease can also cause swelling of the knees. The blood tests are very helpful in detecting swollen joints due to Lyme disease, as IgG antibodies always show up high. Lyme arthritis can cause symptoms for up to 6 months after the tick bite, or even for a year.

If you find that the child’s knee appears swollen, if the child has pain and difficulty bearing weight on the leg, seek a medical center.

If the swelling in the knee is due to Lyme arthritis, the child is given antibiotics, with or without pediatric consultation.

Swollen and red earlobe may be Lyme disease

If a child has swollen lymph nodes around the ear and neck and at the same time has a swollen and red earlobe, it is a sign of Lyme disease that should be treated with antibiotics.

What happens to my child in the future?

Several studies have investigated how children with Lyme disease in the brain, feel after treatment. The vast majority show that children are as well off as children who have not had Lyme disease in their brains. Headache and fatigue persist in many children. But it is not more common in children who have had Lyme disease than children who have not had it. In my experiences as a pediatrician, parents and children notice a clear improvement some weeks after treatment. Facial paralysis almost always goes away.

The rash always heals. But in rare cases the borrelia bacteria can still spread to the brain or joints, and children need to be sampled and treated with more antibiotics.

Vaccine?

There is, as yet, no vaccine against Lyme disease in humans. But if your child has had tick bites before, consider vaccinating them against TBE. But of course, those of you who have followed my blog for a while, already know that the TBE vaccine is useful in preventing long-term difficulties caused by the virus.

TBE vaccine is mostly marketed in the spring. The idea is to get the first two vaccine injections at least one month before the summer tick season begins. However, there is no reason not to give it in the autumn, or winter, or summer. There will certainly be another summer to come, and this way the child is already vaccinated.

Lyme disease in children – symptoms and treatment